Numbers 30 begins with an important principle. When one makes a vow to God or swears to do something, one should follow through and keep one's word (v 2). This is a point made throughout the Bible (e.g., Gen 31:13; Deut 23:21; Eccl 5:4-5).
In the book of Numbers, instruction is interspersed with narrative, raising frequent questions about what messages might be communicated by the placement of the instruction.
In this case, Numbers 30 comes right after Numbers 29:39, where it is mentioned that Israel's corporate offerings are given in addition to all their personal offerings, including those promised in vows. This verse gives a segue into Numbers 30.
Looking at the larger context, the Israelites are making final preparations to enter the Promised Land, and it will be important for them to follow through on the commitments that they have made. Moses makes this point to the tribes that want to claim an inheritance east of the Jordan. They have promised to help the other tribes occupy the land across the Jordan, and Moses emphasizes that they need to keep their word (Num 32:20-24).
Numbers 30 goes on to make several points about vows. First, every Israelite---even a child---can make one. However, in making a vow, one needs to consider how it might affect other members of the community, particularly those in one's family. For example, if a married person is thinking about making a temporary vow of celibacy, the person's spouse should be consulted first (see 1 Cor 7:3-5).
A head of household had the authority to overrule a vow made by a family member, as long as the head of household did so promptly. For the sake of family harmony, God was willing to give up something that he had been promised.
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